ArticleBMC neurology2025
CD28
Article in BMC neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles reprogram microglia and prevent neurodegeneration in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Article
- Interleukin-6, CD8Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Causal relationship between palmitoylation genes mediated by immune cell phenotypes and oral cancer: A Mendelian randomized study.Medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIL-6 has garnered significant attention as a potential factor in AD pathogenesis. The association between peripheral immune cells and IL-6 is evident, yet how peripheral immune cells mediate IL-6's effects on AD remains enigmatic regarding the precise pathophysiological processes. To address these uncertainties, we employed genetic evidence to investigate their impact. Our current study explores further the intricate relationship between IL-6, peripheral immune cells, and AD by using extensive publicly available genetic data, aiming to provide novel insights into this critical area of medical research.
methodsThe relevant data regarding IL-6, 731 peripheral immune cells, and AD were screened and retrieved from the GWAS database. Subsequently, we predominantly utilized the IVW approach to carry out bi-directional MR analyses between IL-6, 731 peripheral immune cells, and AD. We utilized two-step, two-sample MR analyses to determine three key factors: (i) IL-6 exhibits associations with both AD and specific peripheral immune cells, respectively, and there is an absence of inverse causality. (ii) Specific peripheral immune cells exhibit associations with AD, and there is an absence of inverse causality. (iii) to identify which peripheral immune cells mediate the effects of IL-6 on AD. Then we employed the MVMR approach to verify whether the mediating relationships obtained from the two-step, two-sample MR analyses remained valid. Furthermore, we calculated their respective mediating effects, the combined mediating effects, and the proportions of their mediating effect shares. All of the aforementioned steps were utilized to verify the reliability of causality employing sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity analysis, and horizontal pleiotropy analysis.
resultsOur findings indicate a significant correlation between increased IL-6 levels and a reduced risk of AD (P = 0.009, OR = 0.941, 95%CI = 0.899- 0.985), along with elevated levels of CD28
conclusionsIncreased CD28
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.