ReviewEuropean journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology2025
The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: implications for public health, animal health, and pandemic preparedness.
Review in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- A phylogeny-informed mathematical modeling of HPAI H5N1 transmission dynamics and effectiveness of control measures.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Acquisition of specific human respiratory tract binding by 2.3.4.4b H5N1 hemagglutinins requires multiple mutations.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence and risk factors of African horse sickness in equines in central Gondar, Ethiopia.Veterinary research communications · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence risk prediction model for common respiratory pathogens in China based on heterogeneous multi-source clinical and geographic data: A modeling study.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza virus neuraminidase are shaped by immune history.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Sequencing Strategies During the 2024-2025 Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Emergency Response in the U.S.Viruses · 2026Article
- Zoonoethics and Inclusive One Health Governance for H5N1 Panzootic: From Animal Culling to Co-responsibility.Public health ethics · 2026Article
- Small-molecule PS10 inhibits PRRSV replication by targeting HSP90 and multiple viral non-structural proteins.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Antigen Presentation Activates resident CD8Research square · 2026Article
- Methods for detecting highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in dairy processing environments.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Host cell entry receptors as pharmacological targets in respiratory viral infections: from biology to clinical translation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Detection and Genomic Characterization of Novel Respiratory Viruses in US and Mexican Cattle Farms.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- From molecular evolution to the school health room: the role of community-based public health nurses (helsesykepleiere) in one health communication on cross-species influenza transmission in Norway.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: Tracking the Progression from IAV (H5N1) to IAV (H7N9) and Preparing for Emerging Challenges.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Highly pathogenic avian influenza: a One Health perspective on risks, surveillance, and resilience.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- Recent advances in avian influenza virus: Molecular pathogenesis, emerging strains, and next-generation therapeutics.World journal of virology · 2025Review
- Cross-reactive human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza virus neuraminidase are shaped by immune history.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Adenoviral-Vectored Consensus H5 Influenza A Vaccines in Mice and Swine.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Adaptation and Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Dairy Cattle: An Emerging Threat to Humans, Pets, and Peridomestic Animals.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe 2024 outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in U.S. dairy cattle represents a significant change in the behavior of zoonotic influenza viruses. Previously, H5N1 was primarily an avian pathogen with limited infection in mammals. The emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 in dairy herds across multiple states reveals the virus's adaptation to mammalian hosts and highlights its potential for zoonotic transmission, raising important concerns for public health, veterinary medicine, and agriculture.
resultsThe virus demonstrated unique tropism for mammary tissue, with high viral loads detected in milk. Genomic analysis identified mutations that enhance binding to mammalian receptors and facilitate systemic spread. Viral RNA was found in raw milk, posing food safety risks; however, standard pasteurization effectively inactivated the virus. Epidemiological data indicate the outbreak likely began with spillover from wild birds or contaminated fomites, followed by efficient local transmission within herds. Forty-one human cases linked to infected dairy operations were confirmed. The outbreak caused significant economic losses due to decreased milk production and trade restrictions. Although human-to-human transmission remains low, the zoonotic risk requires urgent attention.
conclusionThe 2024 HPAI H5N1 outbreak in U.S. dairy cattle highlights critical gaps in surveillance, biosecurity, and coordination across sectors. A One Health approach integrating veterinary, public health, and environmental efforts is essential. Recommendations include improved surveillance, stringent biosecurity measures, occupational safety protocols, focused research on viral evolution, and investment in diagnostics and vaccines. These actions are vital to reduce risks, protect public health, and ensure the sustainability of the dairy industry against future zoonotic influenza threats.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.