ArticlePediatric research2026
Breastfeeding beyond infancy supports adequate growth, development, and nutritional intake.
Article in Pediatric research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01131117 (Fetal Programming of Obesity), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Fetal Programming of Obesity
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Breastfeeding beyond infancy.Pediatric research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the associations of breastfeeding beyond infancy (BBI, >1 year) on toddler growth, development, and diet.
methodsParticipants (n = 185) of a prospective longitudinal study were categorized into 3 groups: formula fed (FF, N = 22), breastfed up to 12 months (BF, N = 108), and breastfed up to 24 months (PBF, N = 55). Data collected included demographics, anthropometrics, toddler Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Child Feeding Questionnaire (CFQ), and Bayley scales of infant and toddler development (BSID).
resultsAt age 24 months, linear modeling showed PBF children had lower weight-for-length z-scores in comparison to both FF and BF children. FF infants had lower HEI scores for total fruit compared to BF and PBF infants, whereas PBF infants had higher seafood HEI scores. Feeding responsibility was lower in BF parents than FF parents. Restriction was lower in BF and FF groups compared to PBF, and pressure feeding was less common in PBF. Developmental testing revealed no significant differences between the three groups.
conclusionThese results strengthen evidence that BBI supports adequate childhood growth, nutritional status, and development. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of BBI on health status in childhood. CLINICAL TRIAL ID: #NCT01131117 IMPACT: This research supports the current recommendations to continue breastfeeding up to 24 months. This research indicates that breastfeeding beyond infancy supports adequate growth, nutritional status, and overall development. This article adds to the growing body of literature that breastfeeding beyond 12 months should be supported. This article is one of the first prospective longitudinal studies to investigate breastfeeding beyond infancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.