ArticleClinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.)2026
Variations in Human Trigeminal and Facial Nerve Branches and Foramina Identified by Dissection and Microcomputed Tomography.
Article in Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Variations in Human Trigeminal and Facial Nerve Branches and Foramina Identified by Dissection and Microcomputed Tomography.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Reclaiming Anatomy as Method: From Morphological Reasoning to Clinical Relevance.Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- Anatomical localization of the emergence point of the accessory zygomaticotemporal nerve using the marginal tubercle for its clinical implications.Scientific reports · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves (FNs) relevant to surgical incisions and injections and the scalp block techniques in the frontotemporal region, and to determine their relationships with superficial vascular structures and bony landmarks. Half-heads from consenting embalmed donors (6 male, 2 female, mean age at death 78.4 years) were used in this study. Detailed dissection was carried out to identify the position of the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) relative to the superior temporal artery (STA) and the FN in six subjects (5 male, 1 female). The results provide a minimum safe distance of 5 mm between the STA and the frontotemporal branches of the FN at the level of the low edge of the zygoma and 8 mm between the low edge of the zygoma and the FN trunk, providing a pre-auricular triangle of safety for incisions and injections. Variability between subjects was up to 60%. Microcomputed tomography (microCT) scans were taken from all eight subjects and the three-dimensional reconstructions were used to identify the supraorbital notch (SON), the zygomaticotemporal foramen (ZTF), and the zygomaticofacial foramen (ZFF). The volume and relative locations of these foramina were calculated for 5-8 subjects. The closest distance between ZTF and the frontozygomatic suture (FZS) ranged from 9 to 21 mm (26% variation); 3 subjects had a single ZTF while 5 subjects had two ZTF. The angle at the center of the orbit between ZFF and the FZS ranged from 156° to 166° (2.5% variation). These findings demonstrate that both traditional cadaveric dissection methods and contemporary microCT methods can be used to investigate the relative locations of nerves or their foramina in the human head. The findings provide anatomical considerations for fronto-temporal incisions and local anesthesia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.