ArticleOphthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)2025
Optimising non-cycloplegic screening strategies for early detection of pre-myopia and myopia in young children.
Article in Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Screening to Care: Delayed Clinical Follow-up After Childhood Myopia Identification and the Design of a Prospective Intervention Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Trial
- Hyperopic reserve, early myopia risk and screening strategies in children: A multi-regional analysis from the CREAM-KIDS consortium.iScience · 2026Article
- Axial Length to Corneal Curvature Ratio is Insufficient for Detecting Pseudomyopia in Children: A Multi-Cohort Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Habitual Spectacle-Corrected Distance Visual Acuity and Axial Elongation in School-Based Myopia Screening: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Binocular Non-Cycloplegic Ocular Parameters for Modeling Cycloplegic SER in Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of Multinomial Logistic Regression and Machine Learning Algorithms for Identifying Refractive Status in Chinese School Aged Children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Predicting hyperopic reserve in children based on school-based vision programs with ensemble learning.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Identifying and Managing Pre-Myopia: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Correlation between ocular biological parameters and cycloplegic refractive shift in pediatric myopia.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Optimising non-cycloplegic screening strategies for early detection of pre-myopia and myopia in young children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
purposeEarly detection of myopia is essential to delay its onset and progression. Pre-myopia, defined by an inadequate hyperopic reserve, increases myopia risk in childhood. However, effective screening methods remain limited. This study aimed to develop practical non-cycloplegic screening methods for pre-myopia and myopia in 6- to 7-year-olds to support earlier interventions.
methodsThis cross-sectional study of 621 Irish schoolchildren (mean age: 7.12 ± 0.45 years; 51.8% boys) assessed uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). Cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) classified refractive status (myopia: SER ≤ -0.50D; pre-myopia: SER > -0.50 ≤ 0.75D). Pre- and post-cycloplegic SER were measured using the Welch Allyn Spot Vision Screener and Dong-Yang Rekto-ORK 11, respectively. Axial length (AL) and corneal radius (CR) were measured with the Zeiss IOLMaster and parental myopia history via questionnaire. Logistic regression and ROC curves evaluated non-cycloplegic screening methods.
resultsPre-myopia prevalence was 24.3% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 29.3-36.2), and myopia prevalence was 3.3% (CI: 2.5-5.5). UDVA screening had an area under the curve (AUC) (CI) = 0.72 (0.59-0.86) and 0.42 (0.36-0.47) for detecting myopia and pre-myopia, respectively. For pre-myopia discrimination, non-cycloplegic SER, AL, AL/CR and parental myopia had AUCs of 0.67 (0.62-0.72), 0.67 (0.62-0.72), 0.69 (0.64-0.74) and 0.59 (0.53-0.64), respectively. The best method combined non-cycloplegic SER and AL/CR (AUC = 0.72 (0.67-0.76)). Including UDVA or parental myopia did not improve results. For myopia detection, AUCs were non-cycloplegic SER:0.84 (0.72-0.97), AL:0.88 (0.82-0.95), AL/CR:0.84 (0.75-0.94) and parental myopia:0.62 (0.48-0.75). The best method combined AL and non-cycloplegic SER 0.94 (0.90-0.99). Adding parental myopia did not improve the AUC = 0.93 (0.87-0.99) but adding UDVA achieved an AUC = 0.95 (0.90-0.99).
conclusionWhile UDVA alone provided acceptable discrimination for myopia, it was insufficient for screening pre-myopia. Non-cycloplegic SER alone had relatively poor discrimination for pre-myopia, but its performance improved when combined with the AL/CR ratio. The best results for myopia discrimination were achieved by combining non-cycloplegic SER, axial length and UDVA measures.
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