ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2025
Exposure to Legacy Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Diet and Drinking Water in California Adults, 2018-2020.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Spatial analysis of residential location at birth, PFAS in public water, and childhood cancers in Southern California (2000-2019).Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prediction of endometrial tissue PFAS concentrations using serum levels, demographic, and reproductive factors: Findings from the Investigating Mixtures of Pollutants and Endometriosis in Tissue (IMPLANT) study.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Associations between PFAS in public water system drinking water and serum among Southern California adults.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- The Impact of Forever Chemicals on Protein Structure and Function.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Associations Between Seafood Consumption and Serum PFAS Levels Among Asian/Pacific Islanders in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.Exposure and health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
People are exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through multiple sources, with diet historically considered a major source in general populations. This study characterized legacy PFAS in serum from 700 California adults and examined contributions from diet and drinking water. We applied robust regression to estimate associations between nontransformed serum PFAS concentrations, self-reported food consumption, and drinking water PFAS concentrations measured under the USEPA's third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (2013-2015). Detectable drinking water concentrations were associated with increased serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (0.26 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.077, 0.43), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) (0.64 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.058, 1.23), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (0.39 ng/mL; 95% CI: -0.76, 0.86). Seafood consumption was associated with increased perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (0.013 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.0058, 0.021), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDeA) (0.0059 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.0026, 0.0092), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) (0.010 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.0054, 0.015), while eggs were associated with increased PFDeA (0.0035 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.00010, 0.0069) and PFNA (0.0073 ng/mL; 95% CI: 0.00017, 0.014). Findings could indicate that dietary contributions may be less than those in earlier studies conducted in other populations, possibly due to shifts in PFAS production over the past 20 years, and that drinking water remains an important source of exposure to PFOA and PFHxS in this population.
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Registered trials
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