ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2025
Global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to secondhand smoke: a comprehensive analysis from the GBD 2021 study.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Global Mortality and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Attributable to Tobacco Exposure Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes, 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis of GBD 2021 Data With Projections to 2042.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Population Attributable Fraction of Tobacco Use and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Analysis of the ENSANUT 2021.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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Abstract
Introduction: Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure represents an underappreciated global health risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with complex epidemiological implications. Methods: Leveraging the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 dataset, we systematically evaluated the worldwide burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to secondhand smoke (T2DM-SHS) across 204 countries. The analysis encompassed both death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across various genders, age groups, and 204 nations over the period from 1990 to 2021. We examined trends and socioeconomic impacts by analyzing age-standardized DALYs rates and estimated annual percentage changes, stratified by socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles. Results: The following changes occurred between 1990 and 2021: while age-standardized mortality rates decreased by 8.903% (95% UI: -16.824% to -1.399%), DALYs increased by 17.049% (95% UI: 9.065% to 25.557%). Age-stratified analysis revealed peak death in the 70-74 years group, with females experiencing highest DALYs in the 75-79 years group and males in the 90-94 years group. An inverted U-shaped relationship between SDI and disease burden emerged, with peak rates at moderate SDI levels. Discussion: Despite lowest burdens in high-income countries, disease dynamics were most complex in middle-range SDI countries, indicating that economic development does not linearly correlate with health outcomes. This comprehensive analysis unveils the multifaceted global landscape of T2DM-SHS, exposing critical disparities across gender, age, and socioeconomic contexts. The findings urgently call for targeted, context-specific public health interventions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to mitigate the escalating T2DM-SHS burden.
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