ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Estrogen and bacterial infection.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Why probiotics fail: gut niche tension as the missing variable?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Testosterone Modulates Virulence-Associated Phenotypes ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Clinical and molecular characterization of an outbreak of leptospirosis in dogs from Los Angeles County, California, USA, 2021.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Trends and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical specimens: a national laboratory-based AMR surveillance, 2020-2024.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluation of eradication efficacy and optimization strategies forFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- A Rare Case of Concurrent Tropheryma Whipplei and Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in a Patient During Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Mortality from sepsis among middle-aged and elderly patients with pancreatic cancer: CDC WONDER 1999 To 2023.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gender differences exist in the susceptibility, incidence, progression, and prognosis of bacterial infections in males and females, influenced by various factors including lifestyle and habits. Multiple reports have indicated that estrogen plays a crucial immunomodulatory role in many pathogenic microbial infections, highlighting a complex relationship between estrogen, its receptors, and bacterial infections. Estrogen and its receptors regulate host immune responses, affecting the host's ability to clear bacteria and thus influencing the likelihood and difficulty of infection eradication. Variations in estrogen levels may lead to differences in the occurrence and progression of bacterial infections, with estrogen playing varied roles in diseases caused by the same bacterial pathogens. The interaction between estrogen and bacterial infections represents a complex and crucial aspect of human physiology and clinical medicine. Understanding this interaction is essential for advancing infection prevention and treatment strategies. This article reviews the correlation and mechanisms between estrogen and bacterial infections, emphasizing the importance of further research in this field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.