ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2025
Association of education level and depression with cognitive decline: findings from the examining cognitive health outcomes in heart failure study.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and associated factors of cognitive frailty in older adults with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Cognitive assessment in heart failure: clinical value, timing, and practical tools.Heart failure reviews · 2026Review
- Heart failure and cognitive impairment: a narrative review.ESC heart failure · 2026Review
- The impact of the TyG index and psychosocial factors on depression in elderly non-diabetic patients with atrial fibrillation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cognitive decline in older adults with heart failure (HF) may be influenced by educational level and depressive symptoms. This study assesses the impact of these factors on cognitive function in this patient population to mitigate cognitive decline and improve overall health in this vulnerable population. Aim: To identify the predictors of cognitive impairment in older patients with heart failure using a longitudinal mixed-model analysis. Material and methods: A 250 HF patients aged 60 and older with an MMSE score ≥24 was evaluated. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), mental health with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and nutritional status with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Data were collected in three stages: baseline during hospitalization and at two subsequent hospital follow-ups. A linear mixed model analyzed the relationship between educational level, depressive symptoms, and MMSE scores, with a significance level set at Results: The mean baseline MMSE score was 26.5 (SD = 2.1), suggesting good initial cognitive function among participants. Results from the linear mixed model indicated that each additional year of education correlated with a 0.161-point increase in MMSE scores (95%CI: 0.1-0.222, Conclusions: This study shows that greater educational background is associated with improved cognitive function, while higher levels of anxiety and depression are linked to cognitive decline in older adults with heart failure. These results highlight the importance of integrating mental health and education in interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive health in this population.
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