ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Hydrated Electrons in Phase-Matching Generation of Second-Order Stokes X-Waves in Water.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Two components of X-waves, near-axis and off-axis, were observed in the generation of second-order Stokes around 550 nm, excited by intense 400 nm, 100 fs pump pulses in a 50 cm water cuvette. The emission angles of these two X-waves exhibited different evolutions; when the pump energy increased, the emission angle of the near-axis X-wave increased, while that of the off-axis X-wave decreased. These abnormal features of second-order X-waves came from the four-wave mixing process, accompanied by induced intense hydrated electrons via cascade ionization. The induced wave vector from high-density hydrated electrons led to angle-dependent phase-matching for the generation of the off-axis X-wave. However, for the generation of the near-axis X-wave, the induced wave vector from hydrated electrons initially compensated for the phase mismatch at a low pump energy, but as the energy increased, the phase mismatch also increased. Moreover, anomalous Raman shifts at second-order Stokes wavelengths (3262 cm
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