ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Bisphenol a Disrupts Steroidogenesis and Induces Apoptosis in Human Granulosa Cells Cultured In Vitro.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrative bioinformatics, single-cell and experimental evidence for a BPA-m6A-apoptosis axis in granulosa cell dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome.Journal of ovarian research · 2026Article
- Network toxicology and single-cell analysis reveal key gene-mediated bisphenol a interference with granulosa cell function in polycystic ovary syndrome.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common synthetic chemical compound classified as an endocrine disruptor. It affects multiple physiological systems in the body, including the female reproductive system, particularly granulosa cells (GCs) in the ovaries, where steroidogenesis occurs. This study investigated the impact of various BPA concentrations (environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.001 µM and 0.1 µM and toxicological concentration of 100 µM) and exposure times (24 and 72 h) on cell viability and counts and in vitro production of estradiol and progesterone in human GCs collected from waste follicular fluid of IVF patients. Gene expression analysis of 182 genes associated with steroidogenesis and apoptosis was performed in GCs using PCR arrays, followed by protein expression analysis by Western blot. Our results demonstrate that after longer BPA exposure (72 h), a higher concentration of BPA (100 µM) negatively affects the cellular viability and counts and significantly alters steroid hormone biosynthesis in vitro, leading to reduced concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in the culture medium. We found that all BPA concentrations altered the expression of different steroidogenesis- and apoptosis-related genes in GCs. At 0.001 μM, BPA exposure decreased the expression of
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