ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Antiepileptic Drug Combinations for Epilepsy: Mechanisms, Clinical Strategies, and Future Prospects.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Probiotics in epilepsy treatment: a meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Antigen-Detected NMR for Minimal Epitope Engineering and Structure-Guided Selection of a NaAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine interventions for aging-related nervous system diseases.Biogerontology · 2026Review
- Advances in Sodium Channel Modulation in Epilepsy Therapy: Focus on Eslicarbazepine, Lacosamide and Cenobamate.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- ML-171 Attenuates Pentylenetetrazole-Associated Oxidative and Apoptotic Injury Without Robust Suppression of Seizure Expression: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Review
- Review
- A Study on Protocol-based Treatment Change in Drug-resistant Epilepsy Patients in a Tertiary Care Center in Eastern India.Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation in Epilepsy: Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Natural Product-Driven Drug Discovery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- TRIM8 Promotes Epileptiform Activity by Destabilizing the Glucocorticoid Receptor NR3C1 and Enhancing AMPA Receptor Phosphorylation.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Synergistic Antimalarial Activity of Alpha-Mangostin Chitosan Alginate Nanoparticles with Chloroquine in Mice Infected withIranian journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Zonisamide Addition in Children With Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathy/Epileptic Encephalopathy: A Real-World Study.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective and Nitric Oxide-Modulating Effects of D-Limonene in a Penicillin-Induced Epilepsy Model in Rats.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2026Article
- Dynamic changes in the corpus callosum in a case of HIVEP2-related disorder: a case report and literature review.BMC pediatrics · 2026Review
- β-Amyrin Acetate Confers Anti-Epileptic Protection via Suppression of Calcium Overload-Induced Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Heart rate variability in epilepsy and its association with disease duration: a retrospective case-control study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Intranasal Biodegradable Nanomedicine for Epilepsy Management: Targeting the Brain Beyond the Blood-Brain Barrier.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Decoding astrocytic tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of epilepsy: evidence from artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics and clinical validation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Optimization of individualized therapy with oral valproic acid in pediatric patients with epilepsy based on factors influencing blood concentrations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Spectrum and signals of medication-associated cognitive disorder: a comprehensive disproportionality analysis with cross-database validation.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal discharge, leading to recurrent and unpredictable disruptions in brain function. Despite over 30 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), 30% of patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy, requiring combination therapy. This review explores epilepsy's pathogenesis, including neuronal hyperexcitability, neurotransmitter imbalances, and ion channel dysfunction, alongside genetic, inflammatory, immune, and oxidative stress factors. AEDs are classified by mechanisms like voltage-gated ion channel modulation and GABA/glutamate regulation, tracing their evolution from traditional (e.g., phenobarbital) to modern therapies (e.g., lamotrigine). Combination therapy, using complementary mechanisms (e.g., lacosamide with levetiracetam), enhances efficacy but poses risks like drug interactions and cognitive impairment. Integrating molecular biology and pharmacology advances, this review highlights the need for rational drug selection and individualized strategies to improve epilepsy treatment outcomes and patient quality of life. Future directions include personalized treatments, optimized dosage forms, novel drug targets, and multi-target drugs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.