ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2025
Serum Norepinephrine and Cholesterol Concentrations as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Vitamin E Deficiency in Holstein Cows.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vitamin E deficiency (VED) represents a common micronutrient deficiency in dairy cows (DCs), leading to severe degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and various health issues, ultimately causing significant economic losses for the global dairy sector. Accordingly, our objective was to explore the metabolic features of VED-afflicted cows by combining the untargeted gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify effective serum VED biomarkers. Untargeted GC-TOF-MS analysis identified 31 differential metabolites (DMs): 20 were overexpressed and 11 were suppressed in the VED group compared to the healthy control group. These DMs were enriched in six major metabolic pathways: glycine, serine, and threonine; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate; cysteine and methionine; tyrosine; primary bile acid biosynthesis; and nitrogen metabolisms. These outcomes show that VED significantly disrupts amino acid/lipid/energy metabolism pathways in DCs. Further targeted LC-MS quantification revealed significant alterations in key metabolites, including increased levels of norepinephrine, glycine, cysteine, and L-glutamine, as well as a significant reduction in cholesterol concentrations. Binary logistic regression analysis identified norepinephrine and cholesterol as strong candidate biomarkers for VED. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis established outstanding diagnostic accuracy for norepinephrine and cholesterol (for both
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