The Impact of Catch-Neuter-Vaccinate-Return (CNVR) on Greater Bangkok Residents' Attitudes and Behaviours Towards Free-Roaming Dogs.

Between 2016 and 2023, over 400,000 dogs in Greater Bangkok, Thailand, were sterilised and vaccinated against rabies through a Catch, Neuter, Vaccinate, Return (CNVR) programme. CNVR is practiced in many countries to humanely and effectively manage free-roaming dog populations, and to mitigate canine and human rabies risks. Residents were surveyed about their experiences, attitudes, and behaviours towards free-roaming dogs. Responses were evaluated in relation to respondents' dog ownership status and the CNVR intensity within their local administrative area (0, 1, 2, or 3 CNVR rounds). The results show an overall positive effect of CNVR. A dose-dependent CNVR effect was observed with residents' perceptions of declines in free-roaming dog populations and puppies born in their community, as well as in being "troubled" by free-roaming dogs now versus before the intervention. Residents living in areas with the highest levels of CNVR also had lower odds of reporting a dog bite. Some measures, including other current attitudes and behaviours towards free-roaming dogs, did not exhibit this dose-dependent effect. Dog owners showed higher levels of tolerance and care for street dogs than non-owners. The results suggest that owned dogs contributed substantially to the roaming dog population and must be considered in management efforts. CNVR appears to have delivered meaningful benefits to Greater Bangkok residents, and the majority reported sterilisation as their preferred management approach.