ArticleBMC medicine2025
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of macrolide, lacosamide, and streptogramin resistance in clinically resistant Streptococci and their correlation with reduced biocide susceptibility.
Article in BMC medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy and safety of 24 antibiotics for group A streptococcal pharyngitis: a network meta-analysis of 64 randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Global trends in macrolide and lincosamide resistance in Streptococcus species: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- The Convergence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence inMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistance in Gram-positive cocci among GeneXpert-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients and apparently healthy individuals in Northwest Ethiopia.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGram-positive Streptococci is a huge group of different species that are classified based on its hemolytic effect besides the C-substance in the cell wall. This study focuses on the investigation of the prevalence and genetic basis of resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins (MLS) in α- and β-hemolytic Streptococci.
methodsStreptococcal isolates were identified and their resistance was assessed to MLS antibiotics through phenotypic analysis and genotypic screening of resistance genes. Isolates were also tested for susceptibility to antiseptics/disinfectants. The correlation between high MLS antibiotic resistance and reduced susceptibility to biocides was assessed. Efflux pump activity in the most resistant isolates (to both MLS antibiotics and biocides) was investigated.
resultsThe susceptibility testing indicates an increasing resistance to MLS, particularly macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin) and lincomycin. By screening the resistance, the most predominant phenotype is the constitutive (cMLS) one, while the erm genes, particularly ermB, are the most detected genotype. Furthermore, the esterase-encoding gene ereA is widely distributed in the streptococcal isolates. By evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to different biocides, there was a strong relation between the increased MIC values to both MLS antibiotics and tested biocides. This can be attributed mainly to the transferable ermB gene and the enhanced bacterial efflux.
conclusionsA significant correlation exists between reduced biocide susceptibility and resistance to MLS antibiotics. Elevated efflux pump activity in MLS-resistant isolates suggests efflux mechanisms may contribute to dual resistance to antibiotics and biocides. However, cross-resistance is primarily driven by the horizontally transferable ermB gene, which confers resistance by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit.
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