ArticleBMC public health2025
Association of cobalt exposure with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in U.S. adults.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals and Natural Radionuclides in Unrefined Edible Salts from Salt Mining Communities of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCobalt exposure is recognized as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the impact of cobalt exposure on mortality, particularly concerning CVD-related deaths, in the U.S. remains uncertain.
methodsData from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) spanning 1999-2018 were utilized to assess urinary cobalt levels in participants aged 20 years and older (n = 15,873). For the analysis of blood cobalt, data from NHANES covering the years 2015-2018 were considered, limited to participants aged 40 years and older (n = 6,692). The follow-up period extended until December 31, 2019.
resultsThe median values of ln-transformed urinary cobalt (creatinine corrected) and blood cobalt were - 1.10 ln(µg/g) and - 1.90 ln(µg/L), respectively. For urinary cobalt, during a median follow-up period of 130.0 months (interquartile range: 70.25-189.0), 2,304 participants died, with 613 deaths attributed to CVD. After adjusting for potential covariates, an increase in urinary cobalt level was significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality and CVD mortality (per 1 ln-unit increment, HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.32; HR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.60, respectively). For blood cobalt, the adjusted HRs were 1.57 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.14) for all-cause mortality and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.10, 3.72) for CVD mortality.
conclusionsIn the U.S., low-level environmental cobalt exposure is a significant risk factor for both all-cause mortality and CVD mortality. SYNOPSIS: Cobalt, a metallic element commonly encountered by the general population through food, water, or air inhalation, emerges as a novel risk factor for cardiovascular disease mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.