High-throughput biodiversity surveying sheds new light on the brightest of insect taxa.

DNA metabarcoding of species-rich taxa is becoming a popular high-throughput method for biodiversity inventories. Unfortunately, its accuracy and efficiency remain unclear, as results mostly pertain to poorly known taxa in underexplored regions. This study evaluates what an extensive sampling effort combined with metabarcoding can tell us about the lepidopteran fauna of Sweden-one of the best-understood insect taxa in one of the most-surveyed countries of the world. We deployed 197 Malaise traps across Sweden for a year, generating 4749 bulk samples for metabarcoding, and compared the results to existing data sources. We detected more than half (1535) of the 2990 known Swedish lepidopteran species and 323 species not reported during the sampling period by other data providers. Full-length barcoding confirmed three new species for the country, substantial range extensions for two species and eight genetically distinct barcode variants potentially representing new species, one of which has since been described. Most new records represented small, inconspicuous species from poorly surveyed regions, highlighting components of the fauna overlooked by traditional surveying. These findings demonstrate that DNA metabarcoding is a highly efficient and accurate biodiversity sampling method, capable of yielding significant new discoveries even for the most well known of insect faunas.