ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Estimating Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Using Linked Public Health Information Systems, California, 2023-2024 Season.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multi-source agent-based modeling to optimize influenza mitigation strategies in Hong Kong.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Influenza Disease Burden and Vaccine Effectiveness in Children and Adolescents With Solid Organ Transplant: 2018-2024.Pediatric transplantation · 2026Article
- Intraseasonal waning of influenza vaccine effectiveness and implications for the optimal timing of seasonal vaccination programs: A scoping review.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2026Article
- Influenza Vaccine and Associated Infection and Death in California, 2024 to 2025.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Interim Estimates of 2025-26 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - California, October 2025-January 2026.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMandatory public health reporting of influenza laboratory results and vaccine doses administered in the state of California can provide estimates of seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE).
methodsWe analyzed linked influenza immunization registry and laboratory reporting data among California residents aged ≥6 months tested for influenza during the 2023-2024 influenza season (October 2023 to June 2024). Individually linked laboratory reporting included influenza molecular or viral culture test result. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) contrasted odds of documented 2023-2024 vaccination among persons with influenza-positive tests versus persons with negative influenza tests. VE was calculated as (1 - adjusted OR) × 100 using logistic regression, adjusting for patient age, race, ethnicity, week of specimen collection, and county of residence.
resultsAmong 1 382 142 laboratory reports, 129 253 persons (9%) had a positive influenza test result, of whom 415 390 (30%) had documented influenza vaccination ≥ 14 days before test date. VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza was 41% (95% CI, 40%-42%). VE was 32% (95% CI, 31%-33%) against influenza A, 68% (95% CI, 66%-69%) against influenza B, and 26% (95% CI, 24%-29%) among adults aged ≥ 65 years.
conclusionsInfluenza vaccination was associated with prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Results demonstrated the feasibility of assessing seasonal influenza VE using linked immunization and laboratory data from public health surveillance systems.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.