ReviewInternational journal of surgery (London, England)2025
Revisiting the critical roles of reactive microglia in traumatic brain injury.
Review in International journal of surgery (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Relationship of immune-inflammatory pathway and stress-induced depression with neural regeneration.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Post-Translational Modifications in Traumatic Brain Injury: Decoding the Proteomic Landscape and Molecular Mechanisms of Secondary Injury.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Review
- The Neuroimmune Duality of CD4⁺ T Cells: Drivers of Damage and Repair in the Brain.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Neuropathic pain in traumatic brain injury: consequences, mechanisms, and therapeutic avenues.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Downregulation of the L-PGDS/15d-PGJ2 Pathway Is Associated with Manganese-Induced Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment Involving C/EBPβ and MMP9.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Responsive nanoparticles modulating microglia lactate transport alleviate M1-type polarization and neuroinflammation for brain injury therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- A multifunctional and ROS response CO-gas delivery platform for spinal cord regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- The Dynamics of Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury: Molecular Markers Useful for Establishing the Post-Traumatic Interval in Forensic Practice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Glial Activation After Unilateral Cortical Injury in Rats.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gastrodin alleviates neuronal damage in epileptic cell models by targeting P2RY12 to inhibit microglial hyperactivation.PloS one · 2026Article
- Pathophysiological pathways of post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to traumatic brain injury: An observational cross-sectional study.SAGE open medicine · 2025Article
- Rehmannioside A alleviates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments after traumatic brain injury by suppressing microglial activation via the MAPK/NF-κB pathway.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
- The glia-neutrophil axis: an understudied crosstalk in bacteria-induced neuroinflammation.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a complex neuroinflammatory cascade, with microglia serving as key regulators of both pathological damage and tissue structural restoration. Despite extensive research, the precise temporal evolution of microglial activation and its implications for long-term neurological outcomes remain incompletely understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying microglial responses in TBI, highlighting their role in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and tissue remodeling. We systematically compare clinical and preclinical TBI classifications, lesion patterns, and animal modeling strategies, evaluating their translational relevance. Furthermore, we explore the limitations of the conventional M1/M2 dichotomy and emphasize recent insights from single-cell transcriptomic analyses that reveal distinct microglial subpopulations across different injury phases. Finally, we discuss current therapeutic strategies targeting microglial modulation and propose future directions for neuroimmune interventions in TBI. By integrating findings from experimental and clinical studies, this review aims to bridge mechanistic insights with therapeutic advancements, paving the way for precision-targeted neuroimmune therapies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.