ArticleNano letters2025
Simultaneous Targeting of Tumor Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages To Reprogram Glioblastoma Using Trypsinized Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Tumor Suppressive MicroRNA.
Article in Nano letters, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Nano-Immunotherapy Targeting TAMs: Precisely Regulating TAMs to Reverse Immunosuppressive TME.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles as nanocarriers in glioblastoma: implications for chemoresistance and immune evasion.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Glioma Therapy: Recent Advances and Applications.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles for macrophage reprogramming: an emerging paradigm in immunomodulatory therapeutics.Journal of biological engineering · 2025Review
- Plasma extracellular vesicle sampling from glioblastoma demonstrates a small RNA signature indicative of disease and identifies lncRNANeuro-oncology advancesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains difficult to treat due to poor drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs) offer a promising strategy to reprogram both tumor cells and the TME, but inefficient delivery systems limit their clinical application. We previously reported that tumor-suppressive miR-138 regresses tumor growth in preclinical GBM models. Here, we demonstrate that trypsin digestion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) enhances labeling efficiency with folate (FA), enhancing selective targeting of folate receptor (FR)-positive GBM cells and enabling simultaneous targeting of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). FA-labeled trypsinized EVs (tEVs) loaded with miR-138 inhibit tumor growth, depolarize TAMs, and enhance antitumor immunity. This study represents the first preclinical attempt to modulate tumor cells and innate immunity via miRNA-loaded tEVs, offering a novel and more effective therapeutic approach to GBM treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.