ArticleFrontiers in cellular neuroscience2025
Investigation of neuromodulation of the endbulb of Held synapse in the cochlear nucleus by serotonin and norepinephrine.
Article in Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Synapses vary greatly in synaptic strength and plasticity, even within the same circuitry or set of pre- and postsynaptic neurons. Neuromodulation is a candidate mechanism to explain some of this variability. Neuromodulators such as monoamines can differentially regulate presynaptic function and neuronal excitability. Variability is found also for the large calyceal synapses of the auditory pathway that display high synaptic vesicle (SV) release probability (P Methods: We used electron microscopy (EM) of the cochlear nucleus (CN) to investigate the presence of monoaminergic projections. Furthermore, we performed immunohistochemistry to study the localization of monoamine transporters and receptors in the AVCN. We performed patch-clamp recordings from BCs to study spontaneous and evoked synaptic transmission as well as short-term plasticity of the endbulb of Held synapse and to investigate the excitability of the BCs. Results: We found EM evidence for putative monoaminergic varicosities in both ventral and dorsal divisions of the CN. Immunostaining for vesicular 5-HT and NE transporters revealed NE-containing and 5-HT-containing varicosities in the AVCN, juxtaposed to both endbulbs and BCs. Furthermore, we detected immunofluorescence for 5-HT Discussion: In summary, we report evidence for the presence of monoaminergic innervation in the cochlear nucleus and for subtle functional NE-neuromodulation at the endbulb of Held synapse.
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