Trial reportJournal of orthopaedic surgery and research2025
Optimizing surgical field visualization in total knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial comparing esmarch bandages and simple leg elevation.
Trial report in Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03989648 (Comparison of the Adequacy of Exsanguination Between Esmarch Bandages and Simple Leg Elevation in Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of the Adequacy of Exsanguination Between Esmarch Bandages and Simple Leg Elevation in Minimally Invasive Total Knee Arthroplasty : A Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Comparing Tourniquet Use and Non-Use in Robot-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasties.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis prospective randomized controlled study explores the effectiveness of two exsanguination techniques in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), comparing Esmarch bandages and simple leg elevation concerning surgical field visualization, intra-operative metrics, and post-operative outcomes.
methodsPatients who underwent primary unilateral TKA (n = 100) were randomized and equally divided into the Esmarch bandage (EM group) and simple leg elevation (LE group) groups. Surgical field visualization was assessed using the Fromme-Boezaart grading scale. The operative time, intra-operative blood loss, total blood loss, post-operative pain, leg swelling, and post-operative complications were also assessed.
resultsSurgical field visualization was significantly better in the EM group for all steps except for wound closure. The overall surgical field scales were 1.16 ± 0.29 and 1.46 ± 0.34 in the EM and LE groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The operative time and intra-operative blood loss were not significantly different between the two groups. Post-operative pain levels on days 1 and 3, and total blood loss were comparable between the groups. The knee circumference significantly increased in the EM group compared to the LE group (4.6% vs. 2.9%; p = 0.04).
conclusionsAlthough Esmarch bandages enhance surgical field visualization, they do not reduce operative time or blood loss compared to simple leg elevation. However, the improved visualization is associated with increased post-operative knee swelling.
trial registrationClinical Trials Gov (NCT03989648) (18/06/2019).
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