Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40354763›Full record

ArticleUltrasonics2025

High frequency ultrasound 2D array design and fabrication with 3D printed interposers at 200 μm pitch.

Yizhe Sun, Robert Wodnicki, Xin Sun, Haochen Kang, Baoqiang Liu, U-Wai Lok, Shigao Chen, Qifa Zhou

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ultrasonics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Yizhe SunDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Robert WodnickiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
Xin SunDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Haochen KangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Baoqiang LiuRoski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
U-Wai LokDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Shigao ChenDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Qifa ZhouDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: qifazhou@usc.edu.

Funding

Ophthalmic Therapeutics Engineering CoreP30EY029220 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Mahnaz Shahidi · 2018 to 2026
$6.5M
High-Resolution Flow Imaging of Optic Nerve Head and Retrolaminar Microvascular CirculationR01EY035084 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Shigao Chen, Qifa Zhou · 2023 to 2026
$2.7M
Biomechanical mapping of the optic nerve head and peripapillary sclera using high frequency ultrasonic elastographyR01EY032229 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI ZHOU, QIFA · 2021 to 2024
$2.6M
NEI NIH HHS P30 EY029220NEI NIH HHS R01 EY032229NEI NIH HHS R01 EY035084
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

High-frequency 2D ultrasound arrays (10-50 MHz) can adjust the focus position in three-dimensional space to produce highly focused beams and have potential use in ultrasound elastography and ophthalmology applications. However, these applications remain unfulfilled due to the difficulty in realizing the array element pitch requirements of high-frequency ultrasound 2D arrays with existing technologies. In recent years, the rapid development of 3D printing technology has made complex and fine structures possible. By utilizing high-resolution 3D printing technology, we can effectively solve the connection problem between circuits and acoustic modules in the ultrasound 2D array fabrication process, making it possible to fabricate high-frequency ultrasound 2D arrays. In this work, we demonstrate two alternative fabrication processes for high-frequency 2D ultrasound arrays with a realized pitch of 200 µm and 256 elements per array. The fabricated arrays achieved a yield of 82 % and 75 %, with an average fractional bandwidth of 43 %. The element-to-element variability in bandwidth was 18 %, which reflects the inherent challenges of fine-pitch high-frequency array fabrication. These results highlight the feasibility of scalable fabrication techniques while identifying areas for future optimization.

Indexed as

Printing, Three-DimensionalEquipment DesignTransducersUltrasonographyBiomedical ultrasonic imagingCeramic composites, ultrasound transducerPiezoelectricUltrasound imaging

Identifiers

PMID40354763
PMCPMC12182227

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.