ArticlePloS one2025
Rabies vaccination induces a CD4+ TEM and CD4+CD8+ TEMRA TH1 phenotype in dogs.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Enhanced immunogenicity of the rabies virus glycoprotein fused to a dendritic cell-targeting peptide.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Stress-Related Immunomodulation of Canine Lymphocyte Responses and Hematologic Profiles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- How the wild things are: comparative T cell phenotyping and memory T cell identification in wild boar and domestic pigs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Preparation of a multiepitope vaccine candidate for camel bocavirus and evaluation of its immunogenicity in a mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The canine rabies vaccine consists of the whole killed rabies virus and an alum adjuvant. While it is known to provide immunological protection in dogs, its effects on cell-mediated responses remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we analyzed blood and spleen samples from vaccinated dogs to understand adaptive immune responses ex vivo following restimulation with rabies vaccine antigens. Our results showed that recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) elicited higher antibody titers and IFNγ production compared to recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein (RABV-N). CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells proliferate robustly after five days of RABV-G stimulation, which was inhibited by an anti-canine MHC class II blocking antibody. Both RABV-G-specific CD4+ and DP T cells demonstrated a polarized TH1 phenotype, with minor subsets showing TH1/TH17 hybrid and pathogenic TH1/TH17 hybrid cell features. CD4+ T cells were primarily effector memory T cells (TEM), while DP T cells exhibited a terminally differentiated effector memory phenotype that re-expressed CD45RA (TEMRA). Both RABV-G-specific CD4+ and DP T cells were detectable up to 1,024 days post-vaccination in spleen samples and their proliferative capacities were unaffected by age. Our results provide the first characterization of canine RABV-G-specific T cell phenotypes in the spleen and blood following rabies vaccination.
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