ArticleInternational journal of general medicine2025
Long COVID Symptoms and Five Dimensions of HRQoL: A Retrospective Regional Study of Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Infection in Saudi Arabia.
Article in International journal of general medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Development of the long COVID - 6 dimensions quality of life (LC-6D-QoL) scale: a Delphi study.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Article
- Symptoms, mechanisms, and management of long COVID: understanding its prevalence, characteristics, and healthcare challenges in Saudi Arabia.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Validation of the Arabic Version Post-COVID-19 Symptom Scale (PCSS-Ar) for Assessing Long COVID-19 Severity Among Arabic-Speaking Populations: A Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis Study.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Background/Aim: 10-20% of people infected with the coronavirus infection have long COVID symptoms, therefore, current research is the first regional assessment in Saudi Arabia to determine the relationship between long-term health complaints of COVID-19 survivors and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: The study population comprised COVID-19 infection cases registered in the Ha'il region of Saudi Arabia from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until September 2022. A retrospective research design was employed, and 295 participants completed a self-report questionnaire to assess long COVID symptoms and the Arabic version of the European 5-Dimensional Quality of Life (EQ-5D). Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the predictive role of long COVID symptoms on the HRQoL of patients by choosing (p-value < 0.05). Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants was 38 years, (67.1%) were male and (58.6%) were married. On the long COVID-19 symptoms, the highest mean values were fatigue (M=2.3; 95% CI 2.1-2.4) followed by headache (M=2.1; 95% CI 2.0-2.3) and persistent cough (M=1.9; 95% CI 1.8-2.1). Findings show that HRQoL was problematic in domains of pain/discomfort as depicted by a highest mean score on this domain (M=4.24; 95% CI 4.14-4.33) followed by anxiety/depression (M=4.17: 95% CI 4.08-4.27). Multiple regression analysis showed that marital status (p=0.05), irregular exercise (p<0.01), duration of hospitalization (p<0.01), and oxygen therapy (p<0.05) were the independent background factors affecting HRQoL post-COVID-19. Among the long-COVID-19 symptoms, fatigue (p=0.05), persistent cough (p=0.001), dyspnea (p=0.02), and sexual dysfunction (p<0.001) were the independent factors that impacted the HRQoL after controlling for background variables. Conclusion: The study has significant implications for Saudi Arabia's Health Sector Transformation Program that could achieve its goals of human centric care and patient satisfaction though addressing the negative impacts of specific long-COVID symptoms such as fatigue, persistent cough, dyspnea and sexual dysfunction and improving the HRQoL in domains of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression.
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