Sex differences in pediatric major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional study on psychiatric symptoms in early-onset mood disorders.

Background: Sex differences in psychiatric symptoms among children and adolescents with a major depressive episode (MDE) are less studied than among adults. Previous non-recent studies reported a greater severity in adolescent girls and small differences between sexes in specific symptoms. We aim to explore the differences between male and female patients in the diagnoses, comorbidities, and psychiatric symptoms in a large cohort of pediatric patients referred to a tertiary center for child and adolescent psychiatry. Methods: We collected cross-sectional data on 382 consecutively referred patients (age 6-18 years; 73.8% female patients) with current MDEs (unipolar or bipolar) thoroughly evaluated with clinician (Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised; K-SADS Mania Rating Scale; Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale) and self and parent report (Children's Depression Inventory-2; Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children-2; Child Behavior Checklist) standardized measures. Bivariate analyses were followed by a logistic regression model to assess significant predictors of the MDE phenotype of female (vs. male) patients. Results: Female patients were more likely to show severe MDEs (41.5% vs. 26.0%; Discussion: The study confirms that female patients with MDEs exhibit more severe affective symptoms, while male patients present with more externalizing behaviors and comorbidities. We further report more mixed symptoms and bipolar disorder diagnoses in male patients, who also have an earlier onset of psychiatric symptoms. These findings are discussed also considering implications for the diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder. A high clinical sensitivity is needed for highlighting subtle mixed and/or atypical features in severe MDEs among girls.