ReviewCureus2025
Tumor Microenvironment: A Complex Landscape of Cancer Development and Drug Resistance.
Review in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interaction of HIF-1a with various cell death pathways in tumor immune microenvironment (TIME).Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Pooled it
- Research progress on the chemical and pharmacological effects ofInternational journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Guided immunotherapy for residual solid tumor: integrating platelets and CAR T cells to reduce post-surgical recurrence.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Review
- Nanoparticle-Based Biomaterials in Cancer Research: From Mechanistic Insights to Therapeutic Innovation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Oral plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: a new therapeutic perspective for intestinal diseases.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Understanding the immune microenvironment of ovarian cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The Prospects of Palmitylethanolamide in Tumor Prevention and Treatment.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy resistance and strategies in malignant pleural mesothelioma.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2026Review
- Lanthanide Nanotheranostics in Radiotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Targeting cancer stem cell plasticity and tumor microenvironment crosstalk: a comprehensive review.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Cancer Vaccines: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Progress, and Combination Immunotherapies with a Focus on Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Anti-Cancer Drugs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Redefining Chemoresistance: Natural Bioactives as Molecular Modulators at the Cancer-Tumor Microenvironment Interface.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Regulation of RNA methylation linked to drug resistance in gastric cancer.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cancer is responsible for nearly one in six global fatalities, making it a major health issue worldwide. Despite advancements in early detection, surgery, and targeted therapies, effective treatment remains challenging due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. A key factor in cancer progression and resistance to treatment is the tumor microenvironment (TME). It is a complex ecosystem comprising cancer cells, stromal cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), and soluble factors like cytokines and chemokines. These components interact dynamically to influence tumor growth, metastasis, immune evasion, and treatment resistance. Cancer cells drive the formation of the TME by releasing signaling molecules, while stromal cells, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells, support tumor metabolism, angiogenesis, and invasion. Immune cells within the TME can either suppress or promote tumor progression, depending on their activation state. Additionally, the TME can promote the growth of immunosuppressive cells that aid cancer cells in evading immune surveillance, such as regulatory T-cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The TME also impedes drug delivery by creating defective blood vessels, contributing to drug resistance. Recent technological advancements have deepened our understanding of the TME, revealing its role in immune modulation, metabolism, and extracellular matrix remodeling. As a result, targeting the TME has become a promising strategy to overcome treatment resistance and improve cancer therapy outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.