ArticleBMC infectious diseases2025
Designing a multi-epitope universal vaccine for concurrent infections of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses using an immunoinformatics approach.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Identification and computational analysis of B-cell epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of the H3N2 influenza virus.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- A bivalent multi-epitope vaccine targeting CSP and TRAP of Plasmodium vivax designed through immunoinformatics and structural bioinformatics.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- Integrative immunoinformatics and structural modeling for the rational design of a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against human cytomegalovirus.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Multi-epitope vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 omicron S and N proteins promotes enhanced immunity: a computational approach.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Pathogen virulence genes: Advances, challenges and future directions in infectious disease research (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Computational Development of Multi-Epitope Reovirus Vaccine with Potent Predicted Binding to TLR2 and TLR4.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Designing a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against HPV 16, 18, 33, and 45 Targeting L1 and E7 Proteins: An Immunoinformatics Approach for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Therapy.Bioinformatics and biology insights · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) and influenza viruses share several conserved epitopes that can be utilized for the development of universal vaccines. Our previous research demonstrated that recombinant M2e-HA2 (Matrix-2 ectodomain-Hemagglutinin subunit 2) proteins derived from influenza elicited an immune response against the virus, suggesting their potential use in universal influenza vaccine formulations. Given the lack of a specific vaccine to address SARS‑CoV‑2 and influenza co-infections, this study aimed to design a universal vaccine using immunoinformatics methodologies.
methodsIn this study, B-cell and T-cell epitopes were identified from the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS‑CoV‑2. Additionally, the N-terminal segments of M2e (SLLTEVET) and HA2 (GLFGAIAGF) from influenza were incorporated to construct a multi-epitope vaccine. Suitable linkers were designed, and human beta-defensin-2 was selected as an adjuvant. Further evaluations were conducted, focusing on key parameters such as stability, allergenicity, and antigenicity.
resultsThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II binding epitopes exhibited broad population coverage for the vaccine on a global scale. The vaccine structure was found to interact with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3), and the docked conformation of the vaccine/TLR-3 complex demonstrated high stability during molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The constructed vaccine exhibited thermal stability across cold, ambient, and human body temperatures. Additionally, in silico cloning of the vaccine candidate into the pET-28a(+) vector was performed to facilitate production within the Escherichia coli expression system.
conclusionOverall, the findings suggest that the designed vaccine has the potential to serve as an effective universal vaccine and a promising strategy for controlling both Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza on a global scale.
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