ArticleNeoplasia (New York, N.Y.)2025
High metastatic tumor-derived CXCL16 mediates liver colonization metastasis by inducing Kupffer cell polarization via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a pathway.
Article in Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Targeting GPR34 in damage-associated macrophages enhances anti-tumor immunity and the efficacy of Surufatinib in pancreatic cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Colorectal cancer liver metastases: mechanism and therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Navigating the Tumor Microenvironment in Colorectal Liver Metastasis: Barriers to Therapy and Emerging Opportunities.Oncology research · 2026Review
- Immune microenvironment regulation and clinical immunotherapy strategies of metastatic liver cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Liver metastases represent a late-stage manifestation of numerous cancers, often associated with poor patient prognosis. Kupffer cells (KCs), resident liver macrophages, play a critical role in liver metastasis (LM). However, the mechanisms by which the polarization of KCs facilitate colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases remain elusive. Here, we established a CRC liver metastasis mouse model and employed a co-culture system, found that KCs were recruited and polarized to M2 phenotype. We isolated and purified highly metastatic cell lines to reveal potential changes in CRC cells during metastasis. Through bulk RNA sequencing, we identified and validated CXCL16 as a positive mediator in liver-metastatic CT26-LM cells that induced an M2-like KC phenotype. Knock down of CXCL16 reduced the M2 polarization of KCs and inhibited the formation of liver metastasis lesions. Next, this polarization process was shown to be achieved through the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a pathway. Further investigation revealed FOXO3a transcriptionally activates CD206(MRC1) in this process. Pharmacological inhibition of the CXCL16-PI3K-FOXO3a axis to disrupt the polarization of KCs attenuated CRC liver metastasis in vivo. Our findings collectively indicate that targeting the CXCL16/PI3K/AKT/FOXO3a pathway in KCs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing CRC liver metastasis.
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