Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40347269›Full record

ArticleVirchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology2026

Utilization of NKX3.1 and P501S to distinguish primary breast carcinoma from metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma in male patients.

Mustafa Goksel, Chirag R Patel, Sarah A Anderson, Gian Piero Carames, Sandra S Moultrie, Cristina Magi-Galluzzi, Shi Wei, Xiao Huang

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Article in Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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3 · Its place in the literature

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1 citing paper in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mustafa GokselDepartment of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Chirag R PatelDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
Sarah A AndersonDepartment of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Gian Piero CaramesDepartment of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Sandra S MoultrieDepartment of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Cristina Magi-Galluzzi *Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Shi Wei *Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
Xiao HuangDepartment of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. xiaohuang@uabmc.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5225-3224

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

NKX3.1 is an androgen-regulated tumor suppressor gene, and NKX3.1 protein expression is present mainly in prostatic epithelium. P501S is expressed in prostatic epithelium and is also regulated by androgens. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for NKX3.1 and P501S is commonly used for the diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma in pathology practice. Male breast cancer is rare, and most of the tumors are androgen-receptor positive. Thus, we investigated NKX3.1 and P501S expression in male breast carcinoma to determine its role in distinguishing primary breast carcinoma from metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. IHC for NKX3.1 and P501S was performed on primary invasive breast carcinomas in 25 male patients, 5 of whom had prior history of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Immunoreactivity was classified as negative or positive staining. Expression of NKX3.1 and P501S was identified in 8 (32%) and 7 (28%) cases of invasive breast carcinomas, 42% and 20% of in situ breast carcinomas, and 8% and 46% of normal terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU), respectively. Among the five patients with prior history of prostate carcinoma, four had NKX3.1 or P501S expression in their primary invasive breast carcinomas. Their diagnosis of primary invasive breast carcinomas was confirmed by GATA3 and estrogen receptor (ER) IHC. This is the first study to report NKX3.1 and P501S expression in primary breast carcinomas in male patients. The positive rates are higher than those reported in female patients with ductal carcinoma. When considering the use of IHC markers to confirm the diagnosis of primary breast carcinoma in male patients, breast-specific markers or hormonal receptors should be considered in the diagnostic panel.

Indexed as

AdenocarcinomaBiomarkers, TumorBreast Neoplasms, MaleHomeodomain ProteinsProstatic NeoplasmsTranscription FactorsAgedAged, 80 and overDiagnosis, DifferentialHumansImmunohistochemistryMaleMiddle AgedBiomarkers, TumorHomeodomain ProteinsNKX3-1 protein, humanTranscription FactorsBreast carcinomaMetastatic prostate cancerNKX3.1P501S

Identifiers

PMID40347269
PMCPMC12916889

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.