ArticleNPJ vaccines2025
Global socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination coverage, supply, and confidence.
Article in NPJ vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vaccination coverage and influencing factors of four non‑National Immunization Program vaccines: A cross‑sectional survey among children aged 1‒6 years in Beijing, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Progress in reaching zero-dose children: analysis of population-modifiable risk factors and inequity trends in low- and lower-middle-income countries.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Factors contributing to incomplete vaccination among children aged 12 to 59 months in Mbale city, Eastern Uganda: a caregivers and health workers' perspective.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Influenza and Pertussis Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Vaccination Rates and Vaccination Determinants.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Digital vaccines for immunization equity: an approach to strengthen vaccine delivery and public trust in low- and middle-income countries.JAMIA open · 2026Review
- State of Inequality in Childhood Immunization: Monitoring Progress Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries over the Past Decade.Vaccines · 2026Article
- R21/MATRIX malaria vaccine: awareness, perception, acceptability, and willingness to pay among caregivers of under-five children in endemic communities in Lagos, Nigeria.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Rebuilding Vaccine Confidence Through Community-Centered Health Promotion: A Call for Trust, Engagement, and Sustainable Immunization.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2026Article
- Article
- Health Equity Barriers to Accessing Vaccination and Screening Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2026Review
- Association between the rule of law and health-related sustainable development goals: an ecological study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Disease and Economic Burden Averted by Hib Vaccination in 160 Countries: A Machine-Learning Analysis.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Trends in DTP3 Vaccination in Asia (2012-2023).Vaccines · 2025Article
- Advances in Cancer Vaccines for Digestive System Cancers: A Systematic Analysis of Clinical Trials.Cancer management and research · 2025Review
- Determinants of vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic among children aged 12-23 months in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) adopted in 2015 aim to reduce inequalities and achieve universal health coverage, including access to essential vaccines for all. Using data from WHO, the Vaccine Confidence Project™, World Bank, and UNDP, we analyzed between-country inequalities in coverage of four vaccines (DTP1, DTP3, MCV1, and POL3), vaccine stock-outs, and vaccine confidence. Economic- and education-related inequalities in coverage (measured by the concentration index) declined from 2015 to 2019, increased in 2020, peaked in 2021, and have declined again since 2022. Inequalities increased continuously in the Region of the Americas. Over 2015-2022, 94 countries/territories reported at least one national level DTP-containing vaccine stock-out. Countries/territories with higher income or education attainment showed lower vaccine confidence. Our study underscores the decrease of inequalities in vaccination coverage following the SDG adoption in most regions, and emphasizes the need to address vaccine stock-outs and strength the vaccine confidence.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.