ArticleContraception2025
Provider-imposed restrictions on contraceptive use in Western Kenya.
Article in Contraception, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gender and Contraception in Kenya: a Scoping Review.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Article
- "Now I feel like I can": exploring e-commerce for self-care contraception in Kenya.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Contraception and unintended pregnancy: explaining the unexpected relationship in Sub-Saharan Africa using demographic and health survey data.BMJ public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveContraceptive providers unnecessarily restrict contraceptive use or inappropriately apply medical eligibility criteria for a variety of reasons, including knowledge gaps, personal bias, or fear of legal or social consequences. As prevalence of these restrictions is unknown, this analysis aims to document current patterns of provider-imposed restrictions on contraceptive methods at public facilities in Western Kenya and assess novel questions on medical restrictions. STUDY
designWe surveyed 345 family planning providers across all 137 public healthcare facilities in Kisumu County, Kenya in 2022. The survey asked about non-clinically-indicated provider restrictions placed on six contraceptive methods, including sociodemographic and medical restrictions on contraceptive use. We use descriptive statistics to present the self-reported proportion of providers who impose incorrect sociodemographic or medical restrictions and use Chi-squared tests to explore associations with provider gender, age, time since last family planning training, and facility level.
resultsWe find that providers commonly imposed sociodemographic restrictions on female permanent contraception and intrauterine devices, with fewer providers inappropriately restricting women seeking oral contraceptive pills, implants, injections, or male condoms. Few providers reported accurately applying weight, blood pressure, or breastfeeding related medical eligibility criteria, with many inappropriately restricting hormonal methods. Weight was the most common reason for restriction, with 50% of providers reportedly applying inappropriate weight-based restrictions to oral contraceptive pills, 60% to injectables, and 40% to implants.
conclusionsProvider bias and inappropriate medical restrictions limit women's contraceptive choice in Kenya. More research is needed to address inappropriate provider restrictions, especially around patient age, weight, and partner consent. IMPLICATIONS: We find that providers are applying biased and/or inappropriate medical restrictions to contraceptive methods in Kisumu, Kenya, especially around patient weight. More research is needed to understand why many providers are applying medical eligibility criteria incorrectly, and how this impacts women's contraceptive choices.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.