ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025
Durably reducing partisan animosity through multiple scalable treatments.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The aspiration for scalable citizen-level interventions and the missing tests of countermessaging.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Reply to Malka and Druckman: Durability tests already account for countermessaging, and additional countermessaging is unlikely.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Durably reducing partisan animosity through multiple scalable treatments.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent research has identified several effective strategies for reducing Americans' animosity toward supporters of opposing political parties. However, whether these strategies can durably reduce partisan animosity in a scalable manner and in everyday life remains unclear. We bridge the gap between prior research and useful application by assessing whether exposure to multiple, scalable treatments that portray inparty and outparty members interacting positively, receiving accurate information about one another's views, and learning about cross-party similarities can a) durably shift partisans' sentiments and b) influence partisans' sentiments toward specific, personally known others encountered in everyday life-not only general, hypothetical, or one-off rival partisans. In a longitudinal survey experiment, we find that exposure to three brief, scalable treatments over a week reduces partisan animosity, with effects persisting for at least a month. Moreover, the treatments durably ameliorate animosity toward both general outparty members and a personally known outparty member, specified prior to the treatments. These findings suggest promising avenues for redressing social divisions in real-world contexts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.