ArticleJournal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association2025
A Proof-of-Concept for a Continuous-Temperature Circulating Water Bath in Frostbite Limb Rewarming.
Article in Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Synthesis of Protocols for Frostbite Care From the FROST Study Sites.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2026Observational
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Frostbite is a thermal tissue injury that can occur following prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures, often resulting in tissue ischemia and sometimes requiring amputation. The American Burn Association recommends rapid rewarming of frostbite injuries in 38-42 °C water for 15-30 minutes, but clinical application of this recommendation is often inconsistent. Our objective was to find a method to better facilitate frostbite treatment by creating a continuous-temperature circulating water bath and demonstrating its effectiveness with a proof-of-concept, descriptive study. We hypothesized that this design would effectively rewarm chilled extremities within 30 minutes without healthcare workers being required to continually monitor and maintain water temperature. We constructed a continuous-temperature circulating water bath system using a reservoir and an Anova Precision Cooker NANO. Pig feet were chilled and then immersed in 39.0 °C water with or without the Anova Precision Cooker NANO. Without the Anova Precision Cooker NANO, tissue warmed from 3.2 ± 0.3 °C to 34.2 ± 0.2 °C over 30 minutes (final water temperature of 36.5 ± 0.1 °C). With it, tissue warmed from 2.7 ± 0.2 °C to 36.7 ± 0.2 °C (final water temperature of 39.1 ± 0.1 °C). The continuous-temperature circulating water bath offers a standardized, reliable, and effective method for rewarming hypothermic tissue. Our approach could provide a solution to inconsistent and impractical frostbite rewarming methods in clinical settings to better promote rewarming compliance. Further studies are ongoing to validate the feasibility of using the continuous-temperature circulating water bath in clinical practice.
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