Linguistic integration improves refugee physical and mental health.

Based on existing evidence, refugees have considerably poorer health outcomes relative to other immigrants and the native-born population. Little is known, however, on what works to achieve improvements in refugees' health. Using a unique longitudinal survey from Australia, this paper shows that linguistic integration is an important marker of health among the refugee population. In particular, linguistically integrated refugees have significantly better physical and mental health outcomes, relative to their linguistically marginalized counterparts. Our analysis additionally highlights the significance of maintaining attachment to one's own language, in addition to acquiring English proficiency, for individuals' well-being. The results highlight social integration and labor market integration as key transmission channels. Linguistically integrated individuals are more likely to make friends and socialize with neighbors, as well as understand and trust the community more broadly. Labor income is also shown to have a positive impact on the overall health of refugees who are linguistically integrated. Additionally, while employment generally contributes to better health outcomes, the health benefits of linguistic integration appear to decline for refugees working in blue-collar jobs, whereas health improvements are observed for those employed in white-collar positions. Effects are more pronounced for women and younger refugees. A battery of sensitivity tests confirms the robustness of these findings.