ArticleScientific reports2025
Secondary exposure and risk assessment of biocides as disinfectant sprays for COVID-19 prevention.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
The importance of disinfection has recently increased owing to the spread of infections, such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, exposure to the biocidal products used for disinfection poses health risks. This study aimed to determine the safe use of biocides and the potential for secondary exposure in the general population. To obtain information on the exposure factors on site, an interview survey was conducted for 2 weeks and 10 days using a questionnaire. Toxicology studies were performed to determine the toxicity of each chemical in various biocidal products. The inhalation and dermal exposure algorithms in ConsExpo 4.0, a software developed by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), were used to assess the risk of active substances in biocidal products. The average amounts of disinfectants and pesticides used in indoor environments per unit time were 5948.50 ± 72,434.76 mg and 201.61 ± 305.91 mg, respectively. Ethanol had the highest inhalation hazard quotient (HQ
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