SynthesisJournal of global health2025
Hourly level analysis of the effects of temperature extremes on emergency ambulance calls.
Synthesis in Journal of global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Mapping the impacts of climate change on prehospital emergency medical services: protocol for a scoping review.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Ambient temperature as a proxy indicator for carbon monoxide poisoning risk: deriving exploratory reference points for public health monitoring in Chengdu, China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Methods: We obtained hourly data on EACs, weather conditions, and air pollutants from Nanjing, a megacity in eastern China, during 2018-21. We first extracted data from the cold and warm seasons to quantify the hourly impact of extreme cold and heat on EACs and potential modifying factors using a distributed lag nonlinear model. Then, we used a random-effects meta-analysis model to pool the estimates of extreme temperatures on EACs from this Nanjing study and from studies identified in the published literature. Results: The results showed that hourly exposure to extreme cold and heat increased the risk of EACs for all non-accidental causes, with relative risks (RRs) of 1.175 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.135, 1.216) at lag seven to 22 hours and 1.096 (95% CI = 1.048, 1.146) at lag zero to 10 hours, respectively. Stronger extreme heat-EAC associations were found between 16:00-24:00. The meta-analysis, which additionally included four prior studies, confirmed a significant association between hourly exposure to temperature extremes and EAC risk (RR = 1.155 for extreme cold and RR = 1.172 for extreme heat). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that transient exposure to temperature extremes can increase the demand for EACs within a few hours, which may have implications for improving ambulance service efficiency and developing an ambulance early warning system under extreme weather conditions.
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Registered trials
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