ArticleBMC pharmacology & toxicology2025
Comparative study on drug encapsulation and release kinetics in extracellular vesicles loaded with snake venom L - amino acid oxidase.
Article in BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cargo-driven extracellular vesicles as pharmaceutical nanocarriers: A pharmaceutics-oriented comparison of animal exosomes and plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Engineering Optimized EV-Mimetic Carriers for Efficient Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Functional RNA Nanoparticles.ACS nano medicine · 2026Article
- Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Paclitaxel Delivery in Cancer Therapy: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the potential of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) as drug delivery carriers by employing two drug-loading techniques: coincubation and freeze-thaw cycles.
methodsEVs isolated via the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method were characterized via nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of the particles was 200.1 ± 66.6 nm. The isolated vesicles were loaded with 1000 µg/ml snake venom L amino acid oxidase (SVLAAO) via the coincubation method and subjected to freeze-thaw cycles to prepare a novel formulation. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the loaded EVs was analysed at 30 and 60 min, and in vitro drug release profiles were evaluated for both methods and kinetic model for the same was determined.
resultsThe coincubation method achieved an EE of 58.08 ± 0.060% after 60 min, which was greater than that of the freeze-thaw method (55.80 ± 0.060%). Drug release studies demonstrated that 93% of the drug was released in 8.5 h by the coincubation method, whereas the freeze-thaw method resulted in faster release (99% in 6.5 h) due to membrane disruption. The best fit value (R
conclusionIn conclusion, the coincubation method preserves EV membrane integrity, enabling sustained drug release, making it a promising strategy for targeted drug delivery applications. This study highlights plasma-derived EVs as innovative carriers for therapeutic delivery.
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