ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Earnings and Earnings Disparities in the Veterans Health Administration and Other Healthcare Sectors.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany healthcare workers, particularly women of color, are poorly paid, and even among physicians, women and some minoritized groups earn less. Earnings inequalities are generally smaller in the public sector and might be attenuated in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).
objectiveTo compare earnings and earnings disparities among VHA and non-VHA healthcare workers.
designCross-sectional analysis of 2018-2022 American Community Survey data.
participantsPersonnel in hospitals or outpatient care settings (n=591,265; weighted n=12,717,305/year, including n=358,118 VHA employees). MAIN MEASURES: Annual earnings overall and for individual occupation groups among VHA and non-VHA personnel; and gender-based or race/ethnicity-based earnings disparities assessed using linear regressions controlled for annual work hours and occupation. KEY
resultsMean earnings were higher in VHA than non-VHA settings; $88,964 (95% CI $86,373-89,754) vs. $81,125 ($80,718-$81,532), and pay inequalities were smaller in the VHA. Earnings in the VHA were lower for a few higher-income occupations, including physicians, whose earnings averaged $255,158 [95% CI 244,733-265,583] in the VHA vs. $286,090 [95% CI 283,613-288,567] in non-VHA settings, a difference (after control for annual work hours) of $26,702 [95% CI 15,691-37,713]. Gender- and race-based disparities were present but smaller in VHA than non-VHA settings. Adjusted for work hours and occupation, the pay disparity between women and men was $12,215 [$9151-$15,279] in the VHA and $26,859 [$25,981-$27,737] in non-VHA settings (p for interaction <0.0001). The adjusted earnings gaps for non-Hispanic Black vs. non-Hispanic white personnel were $5496 [$2384-$8608] vs. $9111 [$7825-$9093] (p for interaction = 0.015). Hispanic personnel earned less than non-Hispanic white personnel in both settings, and disparities were similar.
conclusionsAlthough physicians earn somewhat less in the VHA than in other settings, overall VHA personnel earn about 10% more on average, overall earnings inequalities are smaller, as are earnings disparities for women and Black personnel.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.