Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40335706›Full record

SynthesisNature human behaviour2025

Genome-wide association meta-analysis of age at onset of walking in over 70,000 infants of European ancestry.

Anna Gui, Anja Hollowell, Emilie M Wigdor, Morgan J Morgan, Laurie J Hannigan, Elizabeth C Corfield, Veronika Odintsova, Jouke-Jan Hottenga, Andrew Wong, René Pool and 18 more

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nature human behaviour, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Molecular dynamics of Brodmann Area 22 in development and autism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Genetic insights on the mechanisms of human cortical folding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Polygenic and developmental profiles of autism differ by age at diagnosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors.

Anna GuiDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1108-0774
Anja HollowellCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-088X
Emilie M WigdorInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2370-0128
Morgan J MorganSchool of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-7533-4483
Laurie J HanniganResearch Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3123-5411
Elizabeth C CorfieldResearch Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-157X
Veronika OdintsovaDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9868-6981
Jouke-Jan HottengaDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-2368
Andrew WongMRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-4779
René PoolDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5579-0933
Harriet CullenResearch Department of Early Life Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2846-1621
Siân WilsonFetal-Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4617-3583
Varun WarrierDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-8571
Espen M EilertsenPROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3444-4251
Ole A AndreassenCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-3568
Christel M MiddeldorpDepartment of Child and Youth Psychiatry and Psychology, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6218-0428
Beate St PourcainMax Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4680-3517
Meike BartelsDepartment of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-7555
Dorret I BoomsmaDepartment of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7099-7972
Catharina A HartmanUniversity Medical Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-8859
Elise B RobinsonBroad Institute, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-2792
Tomoki ArichiResearch Department of Early Life Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3550-1644
Anthony D EdwardsResearch Department of Early Life Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-7066
Mark H JohnsonCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4229-2585
Frank DudbridgeDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-8908
Stephan J Sanders *Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-5148
Alexandra Havdahl *Research Department, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9268-0423
Angelica Ronald *Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck University of London, London, UK. a.ronald@surrey.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-2176

Funding

NIMH Center Repository Supporting Stem Cell ResearchU24MH068457 · NIMH · RUTGERS THE ST UNIV OF NJ NEW BRUNSWICK · PI BRZUSTOWICZ, LINDA M, KNOWLES, JAMES A · 2003 to 2024
$213.8M
Integration of Genomics & Transcriptomics in Normal Twins & Major DepressionRC2MH089951 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2009 to 2010
$6.5M
Genomics of Developmental Trajectories in TwinsRC2MH089995 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2009 to 2010
$3.8M
Determinants of Adolescent Exercise Behavior; towards Evidence-Based InterventionR01DK092127 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2010 to 2014
$2.2M
DEVELOPMENTAL TWIN STUDY: ATTENTION, AGGRESSION, AFFECTR01MH058799 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT &ST AGRIC COLLEGE · PI HUDZIAK, JAMES J. · 2000 to 2004
$1.7M
4/4 - The Autism Sequencing Consortium: Discovering autism risk genes and how they impact core features of the disorderR01MH129751 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD · PI Stephan Sanders · 2022 to 2026
$1.4M
2/2 - Identification and Validation of Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs) in discrete cell types across human brain developmentU01MH122681 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI SANDERS, STEPHAN · 2021 to 2022
$1.2M
Major Depression: Stage 1 Genomewide Association in Population-Based SamplesR01MH081802 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2007 to 2007
$138k
EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology) 101073237EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) 101057385EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) 964874EPA EP-C-15-001NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK092127NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH058799NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH081802NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH129751NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089951NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089995NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH122681NIMH NIH HHS U24 MH068457NordForsk 164218Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 223273Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 274611Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 324252Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 324499Norges Forskningsråd (Research Council of Norway) 336085RCUK | Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) ES/P000592/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MC_UU_00019/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/N026063/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/S037055/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/T003057RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/V036874/1Simons Foundation 724306U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) R01MH129751U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) U01MH122681Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust (Wellcome) 214322\Z\18\Z
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Age at onset of walking is an important early childhood milestone which is used clinically and in public health screening. In this genome-wide association study meta-analysis of age at onset of walking (N = 70,560 European-ancestry infants), we identified 11 independent genome-wide significant loci. SNP-based heritability was 24.13% (95% confidence intervals = 21.86-26.40) with ~11,900 variants accounting for about 90% of it, suggesting high polygenicity. One of these loci, in gene RBL2, co-localized with an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) in the brain. Age at onset of walking (in months) was negatively genetically correlated with ADHD and body-mass index, and positively genetically correlated with brain gyrification in both infant and adult brains. The polygenic score showed out-of-sample prediction of 3-5.6%, confirmed as largely due to direct effects in sib-pair analyses, and was separately associated with volume of neonatal brain structures involved in motor control. This study offers biological insights into a key behavioural marker of neurodevelopment.

Indexed as

WalkingWhite PeopleAge of OnsetAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBody Mass IndexBrainFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansInfantMaleMultifactorial InheritancePolymorphism, Single NucleotideQuantitative Trait Loci

Identifiers

PMID40335706
PMCPMC12283345

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.