Neural mechanisms balancing accuracy and flexibility in working memory and decision tasks.

The living system follows the principles of physics, yet distinctive features, such as adaptability, differentiate it from conventional systems. The cognitive functions of decision-making (DM) and working memory (WM) are crucial for animal adaptation, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. To explore the mechanism underlying DM and WM functions, here we applied a general non-equilibrium landscape and flux approach to a biophysically based model that can perform decision-making and working memory functions. Our findings reveal that DM accuracy improved with stronger resting states in the circuit architecture with selective inhibition. However, the robustness of working memory against distractors was weakened. To address this, an additional non-selective input during the delay period of decision-making tasks was proposed as a mechanism to gate distractors with minimal increase in thermodynamic cost. This temporal gating mechanism, combined with the selective-inhibition circuit architecture, supports a dynamical modulation that emphasizes the robustness or flexibility to incoming stimuli in working memory tasks according to the cognitive task demands. Our approach offers a quantitative framework to uncover mechanisms underlying cognitive functions grounded in non-equilibrium physics.