Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40334336›Full record

ReviewDiagnostic microbiology and infectious disease2025

Oral fluid versus blood in HIV self-testing: A step towards "95-95-95" targets of the UNAIDS?

Pachamuthu Balakrishnan, Ramachandran Vignesh, Pitchaipillai Sankar Ganesh, Saravanan Shanmugam, Iyanar Kannan, Sathasivam Sivamalar, Sivadoss Raju, Vijayakumar Velu, Esaki M Shankar, Sree T Sucharitha

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Pachamuthu BalakrishnanCentre for Global Health Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenkashi Ammal Dental College and Hospital (MADCH), Chennai, India; Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute (MMCHRI), Kanchipuram, India. Electronic address: chiefscientist_res@maher.ac.in.
Ramachandran VigneshPre-clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia. Electronic address: vignesh@unikl.edu.my.
Pitchaipillai Sankar GaneshDepartment of Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
Saravanan ShanmugamCentre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
Iyanar KannanDepartment of Microbiology, Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.
Sathasivam SivamalarCentre for Global Health Research, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (MAHER), Chennai, India.
Sivadoss RajuState Public Health Laboratory, Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India.
Vijayakumar VeluDivision of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Esaki M ShankarInfection and Inflammation, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India.
Sree T SucharithaDepartment of Community Medicine, Sri Venkateswaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Institute (SVMCHRI), Red Hills, Chennai, India.

Funding

Yerkes National Primate Research Center Role of type-I IFN in regulating COVID-19 induced inflammation and pathogenesisP51OD011132 · OD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Joon Sup Lee · 2012 to 2026
$167.0M
NIH HHS P51 OD011132
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The population of HIV-infected individuals who are not aware of their HIV status or who do not usually have access to HIV services should be reached by the newer strategies. The WHO's guideline on HIV self-testing (HIV-ST) was based on a boost in the number of tests administered in randomized clinical trials, including those carried out among the general population in regions with a high HIV burden. Therefore, HIV-ST offers tremendous potential as a strategy to enhance testing frequency and improve access to HIV testing among key high-risk populations and their partners. Recent studies have documented that HIV-ST with oral fluid is perceived as a more convenient and also preferred option than using the finger prick blood-based testing due to "fear of prick", and have also reported of user's error with finger prick blood-based tests increasing than oral fluid-based test. The major benefit of oral fluid-based HIV-ST is that it makes it easier for first-time users to access testing and is more likely to increase testing frequency among key high-risk populations. The current review summarizes the pros and cons of the HIV-ST devices.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsHIV TestingSalivaSelf CareSelf-TestingHumansHIV/AIDSHIV home-based testingHIV self-testingOral fluid HIV testingUNAIDS “95-95-95“ targets

Identifiers

PMID40334336
PMCPMC13589203

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.