Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40332657›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026

Co-occurring Conditions and Quality of Life in Autistic Children Attending General Education or Special Education Schools.

Chantal van den Helder, Rachel Plak, Sander Begeer, Martijn Meeter

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Chantal van den HelderDepartment of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. g.e.m.van.den.helder@vu.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0004-7576
Rachel PlakInstitute of Education and Child Studies, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-7040
Sander BegeerDepartment of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Amsterdam Public Health, Van Der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-6893
Martijn MeeterLEARN! Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5112-6717

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

A majority of children with autism is diagnosed with one or more co-occurring mental health conditions. We aimed to explore how co-occurring conditions and Quality of Life differ between school types (general education vs. special education schools), and whether co-occurring conditions were subject to the same trends over time for the two school types. Secondary, we aimed to analyze associations with child characteristics. Repeated cross- sectional data from 2013 to 2022 on children with autism (N = 1534,aged 5-15 years) in the Netherlands were used. Across school types, we showed a decrease in externalizing and language-learning conditions over time. Language-learning conditions became more concentrated in special education schools. Hyperactivity-inattention difficulties remained stable, emotional difficulties decreased and behavioral difficulties increased. Compared to those in general education, children in special education schools faced more behavioral and hyperactivity-inattention challenges. School type, duration of the study, externalizing, internalizing and language-learning conditions were all unrelated to QoL. Autistic girls experienced more behavioral difficulties compared to boys with autism. In conclusion, children with autism in special education schools experience similar QoL, but have more (severe) co-occurring conditions than those attending general education.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderAutistic DisorderEducation, SpecialQuality of LifeSchoolsAdolescentAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityChildChild, PreschoolComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleNetherlandsAutismChildrenCo-occurring conditionsEducationQuality of life

Identifiers

PMID40332657
PMCPMC13538233

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.