ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Sex Differences in the Regulation of Interleukins in Chronic Pain: A Widely Recognized but Difficult-to-Tackle Factor.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sexually Dimorphic Neuroimmune Pathways in Chronic Pain: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms.Biomolecules · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Pain Hypersensitivity in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic pain is an extremely prevalent healthcare issue that has a profound impact on individuals and society. Sex and sex hormones regulate the pain threshold differently in males and females in pain processing. However, the regulatory mechanisms of sex differences in response to painful stimuli are still unclear, which contributes to the difficulty of analgesic drug development. Interleukins mediate neuroinflammation and are involved in the development of chronic pain. Recent studies have found that sex and sex hormones are involved in the regulation of pain thresholds by interleukins. Most previous studies used male animals to study the analgesic effects of treatments due to the complexity of estrogen. This review summarizes studies that used only female animals or both sexes to examine the impact of sex on interleukin-regulated chronic pain, to provide a theoretical basis for the development of more targeted precision medicines for pain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.