ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Mechanistic insights into resistance mechanisms to T cell engagers.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- T-Cell Engagers TargetingInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Trial Watch - bispecific T cell engagers and higher-order multispecific immunotherapeutics.Oncoimmunology · 2026Review
- Phase 1/1b open-label, first-in-human study of HER2×CD3×CD28 trispecific T-cell engager (SAR443216) in participants with R/R HER2-expressing solid tumors.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- A genomic and epigenomic lens into the biology of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment: mechanisms of clinical synergy.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Outcomes and salvage strategies for large B-cell lymphoma progressing after second-line CAR T-cell therapy: A DESCAR-T study from the LYSA group.HemaSphere · 2026Article
- Programmed Cell Death Protein 1-Interleukin-2 Bispecific Agents for Cancer Therapy.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Bispecific Antibodies in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.Cells · 2026Review
- Preclinical Activity of the DLL3-Targeted T-cell Engager MK-6070 in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer.Molecular cancer therapeutics · 2026Article
- Revolutionizing cancer immunotherapy: T cell engagers beyond hematologic malignancies toward solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T-cell engagers in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, challenges, and future perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Integrating T cell signaling and metabolism to enhance T cell engager responses in solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- An Overview on T-Cell Engagers: The Current Position in Both the Biological and Mathematical Context.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Review
- T-cell redirecting therapies in lung cancer - a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Next-generation T cell engagers in oncology: Pharmacologic evolution from bispecific to trispecific antibodies.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Review
- Review
- Article
- CEA-4-1BBL: CEACAM5-Targeted 4-1BB Ligand Fusion Proteins for Cis Co-Stimulation with CEA-TCB.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- An affinity-modulated T cell engager targeting Claudin 18.2 shows potent anti-tumor activity with limited cytokine release.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
T cell engagers (TCEs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in the treatment of B and plasma cell malignancies and are emerging as a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumors. These molecules harness T cells to bind to and eliminate cancer cells, effectively bypassing the need for antigen-specific T cell recognition. Despite their established clinical efficacy, a subset of patients is either refractory to TCE treatment (e.g. primary resistance) or develops resistance during the course of TCE therapy (e.g. acquired or treatment-induced resistance). In this review we comprehensively describe the resistance mechanisms to TCEs, occurring in both preclinical models and clinical trials with a particular emphasis on cellular and molecular pathways underlying the resistance process. We classify these mechanisms into tumor intrinsic and tumor extrinsic ones. Tumor intrinsic mechanisms encompass changes within tumor cells that impact the T cell-mediated cytotoxicity, including tumor antigen loss, the expression of immune checkpoint inhibitory ligands and intracellular pathways that render tumor cells resistant to killing. Tumor extrinsic mechanisms involve factors external to tumor cells, including the presence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and reduced T cell functionality. We further propose actionable strategies to overcome resistance offering potential avenues for enhancing TCE efficacy in the clinic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.