ArticleRSC advances2025
Development of N,P-doped carbon quantum dots as a green fluorescent probe for fexofenadine determination: mechanistic studies, Box-Behnken optimization, and pharmacokinetic application.
Article in RSC advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
A sensitive and selective fluorescence quenching method based on nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,P CQDs) was developed for the quantitative determination of the antihistamine drug fexofenadine. The optical and morphological properties of the N,P CQDs were extensively characterized using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy. A blue emitting N,P CQDs with excitation and emission maxima at 324 and 425 nm, respectively, exhibited strong fluorescence quenching upon interaction with fexofenadine. The sensing mechanism was investigated through Stern-Volmer analysis and thermodynamic studies, revealing a static quenching process. Additionally, the experimental parameters affecting the quenching efficiency, such as pH, N,P CQDs volume, and incubation time, were optimized using a Box-Behnken design to achieve maximum sensitivity. A significant quadratic model was developed to maximize the fluorescence quenching efficiency of these N,P CQDs upon interaction with fexofenadine which was further employed in the optimization process. The proposed method showed excellent linearity (
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