Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40328833›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Anomaly detection with grid sentinel framework for electric vehicle charging stations in a smart grid environment.

V Thiruppathy Kesavan, Md Jakir Hossen, R Gopi, Emerson Raja Joseph

RetractedAbstract readRetracted Publication
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

V Thiruppathy KesavanFaculty of Information Technology, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College, Perambalur, Tamil Nadu, India.
Md Jakir HossenFaculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Center for Advanced Analytics (CAA), COE for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia. jakir.hossen@mmu.edu.my.
R GopiDepartment of Engineering and Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia.
Emerson Raja JosephFaculty of Engineering and Technology (FET), Center for Advanced Analytics (CAA), COE for Artificial Intelligence, Multimedia University, Melaka, Malaysia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations on the smart grid are needed to promote electric car adoption and sustainable transportation. The key issues are the lack of continuous monitoring and incident response, difficulty linking smart grid systems with EV charging stations, and security gaps that may not address particular vulnerabilities. Modern security measures are needed to protect the grid from those attacks, which may cause significant disruptions. Machine Learning Empowered Anomaly Detection with Grid Sentinel Framework (AD-GS) is proposed to safeguard electric car charging stations against intrusions. This technology can also detect and respond to suspicious movements dynamically using powerful machine learning algorithms (long short-term memory (LSTM), random forest, and autoencoder models), ensuring safety. The testing findings reveal that the systems are automatically updated to neutralize threats quickly, utilizing dynamic methods to minimize downtime. This method increases smart grid safety and can be applied beyond electric car charging stations. The AD-GS architecture is tested in simulations and shown to be resilient against extraordinary attacks, with no impact on charging station performance. The simulation showed that AD-GS could reduce downtime by implementing quick threat mitigation, improve smart grid response time efficiency by 98.4%, and detect abnormalities with 96.8% accuracy. This framework protects user and operation data 99.2% of the time. Extended AD-GS can monitor more than 500 stations and safeguard distribution networks, substations, and electric car charging stations.

Indexed as

Anomaly detectionCharging stationsCyber securityDetectionElectric vehicleIntrusionMachine learningSmart grid

Identifiers

PMID40328833
PMCPMC12056157

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.