Identifying context-specific determinants to inform improvement of antimicrobial stewardship implementation in healthcare facilities in Asia: results from a scoping review and web-based survey among local experts.

International guidelines are available for the assessment and improvement of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes: an important strategy to address the escalating global antimicrobial resistance problem. However, existing AMS assessment tools lack contextual specificity for resource-limited settings, leading to limited applicability in Asia. This project aimed to identify relevant themes from current guidance documents to help develop a context-specific assessment tool that can be applied by healthcare facilities (HCFs) to improve local implementation.We performed a sequential approach of a scoping review to identify relevant assessment themes for Asia and an expert survey for getting feedback on the relevance of assessment stems developed from the scoping review. We reviewed English-language published documents discussing AMS implementation or assessment at HCFs globally and in Asia. Themes were derived through content analysis and classified following the predefined context dimensions to develop assessment stems, defined as containing one identified determinant that may influence implementation outcomes. The survey consisting of identified assessment stems was reviewed by 20 locally identified experts in Asia who rated the level of relevance of these stems in AMS implementation in the region.National leadership, training and technical support, and policy and guidance were the most commonly identified themes among 100 themes identified from 73 reviewed documents. From these themes, we developed 131 assessment stems for the expert survey. Of the 131 assessment stems, 117 (89%) were considered relevant for AMS implementation in Asia by at least 80% of respondents. These stems were included in the process of developing a global AMS assessment tool to support HCFs to improve their programmes.In conclusion, national leadership and support represent a distinct and important aspect affecting AMS implementation in HCFs in Asia. The identified assessment themes have substantial value for the formulation of locally relevant implementation strategies tailored to the Asian context.