Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40328244›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2025

Ecologic Risk Factors for Infestation of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. in a Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever-Endemic Area of Eastern Arizona.

Maureen K Brophy, Naomi A Drexler, Nathan E Stone, Joseph D Busch, Rebecca Ballard, Reanna M Bourgeois, Grant L Pemberton, Christopher D Paddock, Kalanthe Horiuchi, Brad J Biggerstaff and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Why are the ticks winning, and what can we do about it?Ticks and tick-borne diseases · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Maureen K BrophyDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Naomi A DrexlerDivision of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Nathan E StoneNorthern Arizona University Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Joseph D BuschNorthern Arizona University Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Rebecca BallardNorthern Arizona University Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Reanna M BourgeoisNorthern Arizona University Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Grant L PembertonNorthern Arizona University Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.
Christopher D PaddockDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Kalanthe HoriuchiDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Brad J BiggerstaffDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Bessie H BlocherDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Gilbert J KershDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Harty BendleSan Carlos Apache Tribe Health and Human Services, San Carlos, Arizona.
David M WagnerNorthern Arizona University Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona.
William L NicholsonDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Johanna S SalzerDivision of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a deadly tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii. An ongoing epidemic of RMSF is affecting tribal communities in Arizona, with nearly 500 cases and 28 deaths since 2003. The San Carlos Apache Tribe has been consistently working to prevent RMSF using tick collars on dogs, pesticide treatments around homes, and increasing education for nearly a decade. Besides monitoring human disease levels and tick burden on dogs, we have little understanding of the long-term impact of prevention practices on tick abundance and infection rates in the peridomestic environment. We evaluated risk factors associated for tick infestation at home sites across the San Carlos Indian Reservation as well as R. rickettsii and Rickettsia massiliae prevalence in off-host ticks. Although the presence of fencing appears protective, the number of nearby structures is the most important risk factor associated with increased adult and nymphal tick abundance, highlighting the impact of a free-roaming dog population.

Indexed as

Rhipicephalus sanguineusRocky Mountain Spotted FeverTick InfestationsAnimalsArizonaDog DiseasesDogsFemaleHumansMaleRickettsiaRickettsia rickettsiiRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID40328244
PMCPMC12225560

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.