Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40328185›Full record

ArticleVaccine2025

Impact of age and prior COVID-19 on the response to influenza a components in the 2020-2021 Fluzone vaccine.

Usama Ashraf, Alexandra Lee, Qinshan Gao, Joseph C Gonzalez, Courtney Scallan, R Sharon Chinthrajah, Holden T Maecker, Mark M Davis, Kari C Nadeau, Saborni Chakraborty and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Usama AshrafInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Alexandra LeeDepartment of Pathology, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Qinshan GaoInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Joseph C GonzalezInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Courtney ScallanInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
R Sharon ChinthrajahDepartment of Pathology, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Holden T MaeckerInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Mark M DavisInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Kari C NadeauInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Saborni ChakrabortyInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Electronic address: saborni@stanford.edu.
Taia T WangInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: taiawang@stanford.edu.

Funding

COLLABORATIVE INFLUENZA VACCINE INNOVATION CENTER: UNIVERSAL INFLUENZA VACCINE RESEARCH75N93019C00051 · NIAID · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI KRAMMER, FLORIAN · 2019 to 2025
$105.4M
Using a tonsil organoid system to probe conditions for the induction of protective antibody and T cell responses to influenza.U19AI057229 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Mark Morris Davis · 2003 to 2026
$88.5M
MOLECULAR &CELLULAR IMMUNOBIOLOGYT32AI007290 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Sean Curtis Bendall, Olivia M Martinez · 1985 to 2026
$27.0M
NIAID NIH HHS 75N93019C00051NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI007290NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057229
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Understanding how age and prior COVID-19 infection influenced influenza vaccine responses during the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is important for identifying factors that affect vaccine efficacy and for optimizing immunization strategies in diverse populations amid co-circulating respiratory viruses. In this study, participants were enrolled during the 2020-2021 season to receive the Fluzone vaccine, and their humoral responses to the influenza A components were analyzed in relation to age and COVID-19 history. Anti-H1 hemagglutinin (HA) responses were assessed at baseline and multiple time points post-vaccination using neutralizing antibody assays against a contemporary H1-expressing pseudovirus, measurements of H1 HA-specific memory B cells, and profiling of anti-H1 IgG glycosylation. Anti-H3 antibody responses were evaluated using a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. While prior COVID-19 infection was not associated with notable differences in the humoral response in this cohort, older age consistently correlated with reduced responses across multiple readouts. These findings highlight the need for targeted approaches to improve influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults, who remain at elevated risk for severe outcomes from both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Indexed as

COVID-19Influenza A virusInfluenza, HumanInfluenza VaccinesAdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge FactorsAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralFemaleHemagglutination Inhibition TestsHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusHumansMaleMiddle AgedAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, ViralHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusInfluenza Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID40328185
PMCPMC12994743

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.